📚 CTEVT | Fundamental of Surveying & Geomatics – Chapter 4: Measurement Units
(Full Notes + Practice Questions + Free PDF)
Chapter 4 explains one of the most fundamental topics in surveying—measurement units.
Every distance, angle, area, volume, height, or coordinate you measure in surveying depends on a proper, standardized, and accurate unit.
Without correct units, all measurements, computations, and maps become unreliable.
This chapter is simple but heavily used in linear measurement, angular measurement, leveling, and all practical survey work.
🧩 Chapter Overview: Measurement Units
Surveying deals with:
📍 Distances
📍 Angles
📍 Areas
📍 Volumes
So units must be standardized, precise, and universally accepted.
In this chapter, you will learn:
✔️ Why units are important
✔️ Why unit standardization is needed
✔️ Types of units used in surveying
✔️ Conversion rules for different systems
📥 Download the Full Chapter 4 Notes (Free PDF)
🎥 Watch the Chapter 4 Video on YouTube
👉 [Download PDF – Chapter 4]
👉 [Watch Chapter 4 on YouTube]
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🔍 4.1 Significance of Measurement Units
Surveying requires high accuracy, so measurements must be expressed in standard units.
⭐ Importance
✔️ Ensures uniformity
✔️ Avoids confusion
✔️ Allows accuracy comparison
✔️ Removes local variations
✔️ Helps in precise calculations
✔️ Essential for national & international standards
Without proper units, measurement and mapping become useless.
🔍 4.2 Standardization of Units
To maintain consistency, units must be based on an international standard.
⭐ Standardization Means:
All surveyors use the same definition of meter, degree, area, and volume values.
⭐ Examples
✔️ Meter: Defined by speed of light (International Standard).
✔️ Foot: Defined exactly as 0.3048 meters.
✔️ Radians/Degrees: Standard angular units.
⭐ Why Standardization?
✔️ Ensures compatibility between instruments
✔️ Prevents measurement mismatch
✔️ Ensures maps and plans from different agencies match
🔍 4.3 Types of Units
Surveyors deal with four major types of units:
⭐ A. Linear Units (Length)
Used for measuring distance.
📌 Common Units
| System | Linear Units |
|---|---|
| SI System | millimeter, centimeter, meter, kilometer |
| British System | inch, foot, yard, chain, mile |
| Surveying Units | link, Gunter’s chain |
📌 Special Surveying Units
✔️ Link: 0.201168 m
✔️ Chain (Gunter’s Chain): 20.1168 m (100 links)
Used in old cadastral surveys.
⭐ B. Angular Units
Used to measure directions, bearings, and traverse angles.
📌 Units
✔️ Degree
✔️ Minute (1° = 60′)
✔️ Second (1′ = 60″)
✔️ Radian
✔️ Grad/Gon (100 grads = 90°)
Surveying mainly uses degrees–minutes–seconds.
⭐ C. Area Units
Used for land measurement and map representation.
📌 Common Area Units
✔️ Square meter (m²)
✔️ Square kilometer (km²)
✔️ Hectare (1 ha = 10,000 m²)
✔️ Ropani, Aana, Paisa, Daam (Nepal)
✔️ Bigha, Kattha, Dhur (Terai Nepal)
✔️ Acre
Area units are highly important in cadastral, land revenue, and mapping work.
⭐ D. Volume Units
Used for earthwork calculation, reservoirs, canals, and construction.
📌 Units
✔️ Cubic meter (m³)
✔️ Cubic feet (ft³)
✔️ Liter
✔️ ML (Million Liters)
✔️ Hectare-meters
Used in irrigation, roadwork, cut–fill, and reservoir volume estimation.
🔍 4.4 Conversion of Units
Surveying often needs conversion between systems.
⭐ A. Linear Conversion
✔️ 1 m = 100 cm
✔️ 1 m = 1000 mm
✔️ 1 km = 1000 m
✔️ 1 ft = 0.3048 m
✔️ 1 mile = 1.609 km
⭐ B. Angular Conversion
✔️ 1° = 60′
✔️ 1′ = 60″
✔️ Degree → Radian:
π rad = 180° → 1° = π/180 rad
✔️ Radian → Degree:
1 rad = 57.2958°
⭐ C. Area Conversion
✔️ 1 ha = 10,000 m²
✔️ 1 acre = 4046.86 m²
📌 Nepali Area System
✔️ 1 Ropani = 508.72 m²
✔️ 1 Aana = 1/16 of Ropani
✔️ 1 Bigha = 6772.63 m²
✔️ 1 Kattha = 338.13 m²
⭐ D. Volume Conversion
✔️ 1 m³ = 1000 liters
✔️ 1 ft³ = 0.0283 m³
✔️ 1 liter = 0.001 m³
🧪 Practical Importance
This chapter makes calculations easier in:
📍 Field book entries
📍 Leveling & contouring
📍 Coordinate computation
📍 Plotting & scale work
📍 Area & volume calculation
📍 Converting between metric and British units
Accuracy depends heavily on correct units.
📝 Short Questions
1️⃣ Define measurement unit.
2️⃣ What is standardization of units?
3️⃣ Write any two linear units.
4️⃣ What are angular units?
5️⃣ What is a hectare?
6️⃣ Convert 1 m into mm.
7️⃣ Convert 1° into minutes.
8️⃣ Write any two Nepali land measurement units.
📝 Long Questions
1️⃣ Why is standardization of units important in surveying?
2️⃣ Explain linear, angular, area, and volume units.
3️⃣ Convert the following:
a) 3.5 km → meters
b) 45° 30′ → seconds
c) 1 hectare → m²
4️⃣ Discuss the application of volume units in surveying.
5️⃣ Write short notes on Nepali land measurement systems.
🎯 Key Takeaways
✔️ Units ensure accuracy, consistency & comparability.
✔️ Surveyors use linear, angular, area, and volume units.
✔️ Proper conversions are essential for fieldwork & drawings.
✔️ Standardization avoids confusion in national mapping.
📂 Download Free PDF Notes – Chapter 4
🔽 [Download Notes – Chapter 4 (PDF)]
🎥 Watch the Full Chapter 4 Video
👉 [Click Here to Watch on YouTube]
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📘Explore More from Fundamental of Survey and Geomatics
📘 SYLLABUS – Download PDF
📘 Unit 1: Historical Background – Download PDF
📘 Unit 2: Introduction to Surveying – Download PDF
📘 Unit 3: Principles & Classifications – Download PDF
📘 Unit 4: Measurement Units – Download PDF
📘 Unit 5: Map Scale –Download PDF
📘 Unit 6: Linear Measurements – Download PDF
📘 Unit 7: Angular Measurements – Download PDF
📘 Unit 8: Map Reading – Download PDF
📘 Unit 9: Measurement Errors – Download PDF
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