📚 CTEVT | Fundamental of Surveying & Geomatics – Chapter 2: Introduction to Surveying
(Full Notes + Practice Questions + Free PDF)
Chapter 2 is the foundation of the entire subject. It introduces the meaning of surveying, its importance, scope, basic concepts, Earth shape, coordinate systems, projections, relief representation, and the end products of surveying.
This chapter is 15 hours long and one of the most important chapters for exams and practical field applications.
🧩 Chapter Overview: Introduction to Surveying
Surveying is the science and art of determining relative positions of points on, above, or below the Earth’s surface and representing them on plans and maps.
Chapter 2 explains:
✔️ What surveying is
✔️ Why surveying is needed
✔️ Functions of a surveyor
✔️ Earth’s shape, size & curvature
✔️ Coordinate systems & map projection
✔️ Relief representation
✔️ Final products of surveying
Understanding this chapter is essential before learning measurement, errors, and practical techniques.
📥 Download the Full Chapter 2 Notes (Free PDF)
🎥 Watch the Chapter 2 Video on YouTube
👉 [Click Here to Download PDF]
👉 [Click Here to Watch Chapter 2 on YouTube]
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🔍 2.1 Surveying and Mapping
📌 Surveying
The process of determining the relative positions of natural and man-made features on the Earth’s surface.
📌 Mapping
The process of preparing maps, plans, and charts based on surveying measurements.
Surveying = Data collection
Mapping = Data presentation
Both together form the basis of engineering, planning, land administration, and geomatics.
🔍 2.2 Functions of a Surveyor
A surveyor performs multiple roles:
✔️ Measure distance, angles, height
✔️ Prepare topographic & cadastral maps
✔️ Design road, canal, building alignment
✔️ Conduct leveling & contour mapping
✔️ Establish control points
✔️ Carry out land division & boundary fixing
✔️ Work with GIS, GPS, remote sensing
✔️ Monitor engineering construction
Surveyors support planning, construction, mapping, and land management.
🔍 2.3 Need, Importance & Scope of Surveying
⭐ Why Surveying is Needed?
✔️ Land boundary definition
✔️ Route planning (roads, canals, pipelines)
✔️ Engineering construction
✔️ Map preparation
✔️ Resource inventory
✔️ Cadastral records & land ownership
✔️ Environmental & disaster studies
⭐ Scope of Surveying
Surveying is used in:
🏗️ Civil engineering
🌏 Geomatics technology
🏞️ Land use planning
🏘️ Municipality & urban development
🛰️ Remote sensing & GIS
🌧️ Hydrology & watershed management
Surveying is essential for all engineering projects.
🔍 2.4 Objectives of Surveying
✔️ Determine horizontal & vertical positions
✔️ Prepare maps & plans
✔️ Establish control networks
✔️ Provide data for design & construction
✔️ Ensure accurate representation of the Earth surface
🔍 2.5 General Procedures of Survey & Methods
⭐ General Procedure
1️⃣ Reconnaissance
2️⃣ Selection of method
3️⃣ Field measurement
4️⃣ Data recording
5️⃣ Plotting
6️⃣ Computation & checking
7️⃣ Map preparation
⭐ Methods of Survey
✔️ Triangulation
✔️ Traversing
✔️ Leveling
✔️ Tacheometry
✔️ Photogrammetry
✔️ GPS Surveying
✔️ Topographic survey
✔️ Cadastral survey
🔍 2.6 Surveying Concepts
This is the core theoretical section of Chapter 2.
📌 Distance & Direction
Every surveying measurement is based on two fundamentals:
✔️ Distance – horizontal, vertical, or slope
✔️ Direction – bearing, angle, azimuth
📌 Shape & Size of the Earth
The Earth is not perfectly spherical.
It is:
✔️ Oblate spheroid (flattened at poles)
✔️ Geoid (mean sea level model)
Earth Figure Terms:
- Axis of Earth
- Great Circle
- Equator
- Meridians
- Parallels
- Flattening Ratio
Correct representation of Earth is essential for maps, GPS, and geodetic control.
📌 Spheroid & Geoid
⭐ Spheroid
A smooth mathematical model of Earth
Used for map projection & coordinate systems.
⭐ Geoid
A physical model based on mean sea level.
Used for height measurement (e.g., orthometric height).
📌 Coordinates & Coordinate Systems
Coordinates define the position of a point.
Types:
1️⃣ Geographic Coordinates
- Latitude
- Longitude
2️⃣ Projected Coordinates
- Easting
- Northing
- Based on map projections
3️⃣ Height Systems
- Orthometric height (MSL-based)
- Ellipsoidal height (GPS-based)
📌 Latitude, Longitude & Height
- Latitude: North/South of Equator
- Longitude: East/West of Greenwich
- Height above MSL: Vertical distance from Mean Sea Level
These are essential for global mapping & GPS surveying.
📌 Projection
Projection converts the curved Earth into a flat map.
Common types:
✔️ Conformal
✔️ Equal-area
✔️ Equidistant
✔️ UTM projection
Projection is needed because Earth’s surface cannot be flattened without distortion.
📌 Relief Representation
Relief means the variation of terrain height.
Methods:
✔️ Contours
✔️ Hachures
✔️ Hill shading
✔️ Spot heights
✔️ Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
Essential for engineering design & topographic mapping.
🔍 2.7 End Products of Surveying
Surveying produces:
✔️ Topographic maps
✔️ Cadastral maps
✔️ Engineering plans
✔️ Longitudinal & cross-section
✔️ Contour maps
✔️ Alignment maps
✔️ Digital elevation models
✔️ Base maps for GIS
These are used for construction, planning, navigation, and land administration.
🧪 Practical Understanding for Students
Chapter 2 is the base for:
📍 Map Scale
📍 Linear Measurement
📍 Angular Measurement
📍 Compass & Theodolite Work
📍 Map Reading
📍 Error Adjustment
A strong understanding will make upcoming chapters easier.
📝 Short Questions
1️⃣ Define surveying and mapping.
2️⃣ Write any two functions of a surveyor.
3️⃣ What is the shape of the Earth?
4️⃣ What is geoid?
5️⃣ Define latitude and longitude.
6️⃣ What is projection?
7️⃣ Write any two end products of surveying.
8️⃣ What is relief?
📝 Long Questions
1️⃣ Explain the need, importance, and scope of surveying.
2️⃣ Differentiate between spheroid and geoid.
3️⃣ Discuss Earth’s shape with required diagrams.
4️⃣ Explain coordinate systems used in surveying.
5️⃣ Describe the general procedure of surveying.
6️⃣ Write detailed notes on distance and direction concepts.
7️⃣ Explain relief representation methods.
🎯 Key Takeaways
✔️ Surveying is essential for engineering & planning.
✔️ Earth is an oblate spheroid with variations in shape.
✔️ Coordinate systems help identify positions accurately.
✔️ Projection is required to represent Earth on flat maps.
✔️ End products of surveying support construction & GIS.
📂 Download Free PDF Notes – Chapter 2: Introduction to Surveying
🔽 [Download Notes – Chapter 2 (PDF)]
🎥 Watch the Full Chapter 2 Video
👉 [Click Here to Watch on YouTube]
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📘 Explore More from Fundamental of Survey and Geomatics
📘 SYLLABUS – Download PDF
📘 Unit 1: Historical Background – Download PDF
📘 Unit 2: Introduction to Surveying – Download PDF
📘 Unit 3: Principles & Classifications – Download PDF
📘 Unit 4: Measurement Units – Download PDF
📘 Unit 5: Map Scale –Download PDF
📘 Unit 6: Linear Measurements – Download PDF
📘 Unit 7: Angular Measurements – Download PDF
📘 Unit 8: Map Reading – Download PDF
📘 Unit 9: Measurement Errors – Download PDF
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