📘 CTEVT Diploma in Geomatics Engineering
GIS BASICS – Chapter 1: Database Management System (DBMS)
(Full Chapter Notes + Free PDF + Illustrations)
💾 Every GIS operation begins with data — and databases are the backbone that organize, store, and manage that data efficiently.
Chapter 1 of GIS Basics (EG 2105 GE) introduces the essential concepts of Database Management Systems (DBMS), the heart of every GIS workflow.
Whether you're plotting spatial features, analyzing maps, or creating intelligent GIS layers, understanding DBMS is the first step toward becoming a GIS expert.
📥 Download the Free PDF Notes
📹 Watch the Full Chapter 1 Video Lecture
🎥 Watch Full Video Lecture – Chapter 1: DBMS
👉 [Click Here to Watch on YouTube]
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📌 Overview
A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that stores, organizes, retrieves, and manages data.
In GIS, DBMS is used to manage:
- Spatial data (maps, layers, geometry)
- Attribute data (tables, columns, values)
A well-designed DBMS helps GIS users manage large datasets accurately and efficiently.
🧠 What You Will Learn in Chapter 1
✔️ What a database is
✔️ Components of DBMS
✔️ Types of data relationships
✔️ Data models and primary keys
✔️ Why DBMS is better than traditional file systems
✔️ How DBMS supports GIS operations
🗂️ 1️⃣ Introduction to Database Management System
A database is an organized collection of data.
DBMS is the system that lets us create, store, modify, and retrieve that data.
📚 Data → Information → Knowledge
- Data: Raw facts (e.g., 1200, Lalitpur)
- Information: Meaningful data (Population of Lalitpur = 1200)
- Knowledge: Interpretation for decision making
🧩 What is DBMS?
A Database Management System is software used to create and manage databases.
Examples:
- MS Access
- PostgreSQL/PostGIS
- MySQL
- Oracle
- SQLite
- SQL Server
🔧 Components of DBMS
- Hardware
- Software
- Data
- Access language
- Procedures
- Users
📝 Common DBMS Terms
| Term | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Table | Stores data in rows & columns |
| Field/Attribute | Column containing data values |
| Record (Tuple) | Row representing one entity |
| Form | Interface to enter/view data |
| Query | Tool to extract information |
| Report | Printed/organized view of data |
🔗 2️⃣ Logical Data Concepts & Relationships
🧱 Basic Logical Concepts
- Entity: Object (e.g., student, city, parcel)
- Attribute: Characteristics of entity
- Record: A single complete data entry
- Value: Actual data stored
🔗 Types of Relationships
GIS uses relational databases heavily.
| Relationship | Example |
|---|---|
| One-to-One | Plot ↔ Owner |
| One-to-Many | District → Municipalities |
| Many-to-Many | Students ↔ Courses |
🔐 Keys in DBMS
| Key type | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Primary Key | Unique identifier (e.g., Parcel_ID) |
| Candidate Key | Possible primary keys |
| Foreign Key | Links two tables |
These concepts are critical in GIS for joining attribute tables, parcel data, land records, etc.
🗃️ 3️⃣ Data Models & DBMS Applications
🧭 Relational Data Model
Most GIS software (QGIS/ArcGIS) uses relational databases.
A relational database organizes data into tables connected by keys.
💡 Advantages of DBMS Over File System
✔ Eliminates data duplication
✔ Ensures consistency
✔ Allows multi-user access
✔ Supports complex queries
✔ Provides better security
✔ Enables spatial-attribute integration (GIS)
🚀 Where DBMS Is Used in GIS
- Land records & cadastral mapping
- Topographic databases
- Municipal GIS
- Utility mapping (water, electricity)
- Remote sensing data storage
- National geo-portals
🧪 Practical Exercises
Try these activities using MS Access or QGIS:
1️⃣ Explore an existing database and understand its tables
2️⃣ Create a table for land parcels
3️⃣ Assign primary keys for parcel IDs
4️⃣ Create one-to-many relationship between Municipality and Wards
5️⃣ Perform simple SQL queries:
- Show all parcels > 500 sq.m
- List owners from a specific ward
🧩 Key Takeaways
✅ DBMS organizes and manages data efficiently
✅ Relationships help link multiple datasets
✅ Relational data models are most widely used in GIS
✅ Keys (primary & foreign) allow table linking
✅ DBMS supports data security, analysis, and automation
📂 Download Free PDF Notes – GIS Basics Chapter 1
Perfect for:
✔ CTEVT Geomatics exams
✔ GIS lab assignments
✔ Database design practice
✔ QGIS/ArcGIS beginners
🔽 [Download Chapter 1 PDF – DBMS Notes]
📝 Practice Questions
🧾 Short Questions
- Define DBMS.
- What is a primary key?
- List any three DBMS software.
- Differentiate between table and record.
- What is a relational database model?
📚 Long Questions
- Explain components of DBMS with examples.
- Describe different types of data relationships.
- Write a note on relational data models and their importance in GIS.
- Explain keys used in DBMS with examples.
- Discuss advantages of DBMS over traditional file systems.
💡 Study Tips
- Draw diagrams of database relationships
- Practice creating real-world tables (Settlement, Road, Parcel)
- Use MS Access or QGIS attribute tables to build confidence
- Learn basic SQL commands (SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY)
📘 Explore More from GIS Basics
🎥 Watch Full Video Lecture – Chapter 1: DBMS
👉 [Click Here to Watch on YouTube]
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